The 114 Surahs of the Holy Quran

References & Sources | حوالہ جات و ماخذ

Primary Classical Sources | بنیادی کلاسیکی ماخذ

• Al-Itqan fi 'Ulum al-Quran by Imam Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti (d. 911 AH / 1505 CE)الإتقان في علوم القرآن - للإمام جلال الدين السيوطي (ت ٩١١ هـ)This is the primary source for chronological order, containing detailed discussion of revelation sequence based on reports from companions.
• Al-Burhan fi 'Ulum al-Quran by Imam Badr al-Din al-Zarkashi (d. 794 AH / 1392 CE)البرهان في علوم القرآن - للإمام بدر الدين الزركشي (ت ٧٩٤ هـ)
• Fada'il al-Quran by Imam Abu 'Ubayd al-Qasim ibn Sallam (d. 224 AH / 838 CE)فضائل القرآن - لأبي عبيد القاسم بن سلام (ت ٢٢٤ هـ)
• Reports from Ibn Abbas (رضي الله عنه) - The companion known as "Tarjuman al-Quran" (Interpreter of the Quran)روايات عبد الله بن عباس رضي الله عنه - ترجمان القرآنIbn Abbas's reports on revelation order are preserved in various hadith collections and tafsir works.
• Reports from Jabir ibn Zayd (d. 93 AH) - Early Tabi'i scholar who compiled revelation sequencesروايات جابر بن زيد (ت ٩٣ هـ)

Modern Academic Sources | جدید علمی ماخذ

• Geschichte des Qorāns (History of the Quran) by Theodor Nöldeke (1860), revised by Friedrich Schwally, Gotthelf Bergsträsser, and Otto Pretzl. German academic work providing Western scholarly analysis of revelation chronology, cross-referenced with Islamic sources.
• The Egyptian Standard Edition (1924) - Published by Al-Azhar Universityمصحف الأزهر الشريف - الطبعة المصرية المعيارية (١٣٤٢ هـ / ١٩٢٤ م)The most widely used Mushaf globally, which includes Makki/Madani classification in surah headers based on scholarly consensus.
• Introduction to the Quran by Richard Bell (1953), revised by W. Montgomery Watt (1970) - Academic reference for comparative chronology studies.

Ayah Counts | آیات کی گنتی

• Ayah counts follow the Kufi counting system (العد الكوفي), the standard used in the Indo-Pak subcontinent and most Muslim-majority regions, totaling 6,236 verses.العد الكوفي - ٦٢٣٦ آية
• Note: Other counting systems exist (Basri, Shami, Makki, Madani) with slight variations in verse divisions. The actual Quranic text is identical across all systems.

Recitation Times | تلاوت کے اوقات

• Times are estimates based on moderate Tarteel pace with proper Tajweed (approximately 1 page per 2-3 minutes in a standard 15-line Indo-Pak Mushaf).
• Actual times vary based on: reciter's pace, level of Tajweed, memorization vs. reading, and individual pronunciation.
• Reference benchmarks: Audio recordings from renowned Qaris including Sheikh Abdul Basit, Sheikh Mahmoud Khalil al-Husary, and Sheikh Mishary Rashid Alafasy.

Typography & Fonts | خطاطی اور فونٹس

• Arabic Script: Amiri Quran and Scheherazade New - designed for Quranic text display, following Naskh script conventions compatible with Indo-Pak reading traditions.
• Urdu Script: Noto Nastaliq Urdu - Google's implementation of the traditional Nastaliq script as used in Pakistan, India, and the broader Indo-Pak subcontinent.
• Note on Uthmani Script: For printed Mushafs with authentic Uthmani orthography (رسم عثماني), specialized fonts like "KFGQPC Uthmanic Script HAFS" or "PDMS Saleem Quran Font" are recommended.